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  • forces in bio. tissues during gait (summary)

    Dear list members. Here is the summary of the answers that I
    received from my posting a few days ago.

    I would like to personally thank the following people for their help:
    Chris Kirtley, Luisa Monti, Ben Stansfield, Paul Devita, Kenton
    Kaufman, Taija Finni, Belinda Beck, and Hermann Schwameder.

    This is the list of what I have compiled to date. Realize that this
    is only a small sample (but hopefully representative) of the
    available body of literature. Below this summary are the full
    references used for the table as well as additional references where
    more data can be found. In addition, some of the individuals listed
    above are currently doing some nice work (soon to be published) in
    this area. A comprehensive review of the literature on this topic
    will require a lot more work. But this table should be a good
    starting point.

    I hope this information will be useful to other readers. Feel free
    to forward additional information to me if you wish. I will continue
    to build this data set as time allows.

    Regards, Guy

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Forces applied to the lower extremity structures during ambulation.
    Structure (type of force) walking speed (m/s)
    Authors Value (BW)
    Ankle
    Talocrural joint (peak contact force) 1.4
    Simonsen et al (1995) 4.2
    Talocrural joint (peak contact force) 114*
    Collins (1995) 4.8
    Talocrural joint (peak anterior shearÝ) 116* Stauffer
    et al. (1977) 0.6
    Talocrural joint (peak posterior shearÝ) 116* Stauffer
    et al. (1977) 0.3
    Achilles tendon (peak tension) 1.5 Finni et
    al. (1998) 2.0
    Achilles tendon (peak tension) 1.7 Finni et
    al. (1999) 4.0
    Ankle dorsiflexors (peak tension) 114*
    Collins (1995) 1.0
    Knee
    Tibiofemoral joint (peak contact force) 1.4 Simonsen et al (1995) 4.6
    Tibiofemoral joint (peak contact force) 114* Collins (1995) 5.0
    Patellofemoral joint (peak contact force) ý Reilly and
    Martens (1972) 0.5
    Patellofemoral joint (peak contact force) 1.0 Komistek et
    al. (1998) 0.3
    Patellofemoral joint (peak contact force) ? Kuster et
    al. (1993) 1.5
    Patellofemoral joint (peak contact force) ? Taylor et
    al. (1998) 0.8
    Anterior cruciate ligament (peak tension) 114* Collins
    (1995) 1.5
    Posterior cruciate ligament (peak tension) 114* Collins
    (1995) 0.4
    Patellar tendon (peak tension) 1.7 Finni et al. (1999) 3.0
    Hamstrings (peak tension) 114* Collins
    (1995) 1.1
    Hip
    Hip joint (peak contact force) 1.4 Simonsen
    et al (1995) 6.4
    Hip joint (peak contact force) 0.9 Pedersen
    et al. (1997) 3.1
    Hip joint (peak contact force) 114* Collins
    (1995) 3.8
    Adductor magnus (peak tension) 0.9 Pedersen
    et al. (1997) 0.3
    Psoas (peak tension) 0.9 Pedersen
    et al. (1997) 0.1
    Gluteus medius (peak tension) 0.9 Pedersen
    et al. (1997) 0.5
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ý direction of shear of tibia on talus *steps/minute, ý normal walking speed

    Kuster et al (1994) Downhill walking (19% gradient) knee compression 7-8.5BW
    Kuster et al (1994) Downhill walking (19% gradient) knee shear 1.2-1.7BW

    Scott and Winter (1990) running 4.2 m/s achilles tendon 7BW
    Scott and Winter (1990) running 4.2 m/s PFJ compression 9BW
    Scott and Winter (1990) running 4.2 m/s ankle compression 12BW
    Scott and Winter (1990) running 4.2 m/s patellar tendon 5.8BW
    Scott and Winter (1990) running 4.2 m/s plantar fascia 2.1BW

    Schwameder (2000) personal Communication knee shear 0.7BW
    Schwameder (2000) personal Communication PFJ compression 2BW
    Schwameder (2000) personal Communication Patellar tendon 2BW

    Pederson DR, Brand RA, Davy DT. Pelvic muscle and acetabular contact
    forces during gait J Biomechanics 30(9):959-965, 1997

    Collins JJ The redundant nature of locomotor optimization laws. J
    Biomechanics 28(3):251-267, 1995

    Finni T, Lepola V, Komi PV Tendomuscular loading in normal locomotion
    conditions. p. 47-48, In: Limiting Factors of Human Neuromuscular
    Performance. Kyrolainen H, Avela J, Takala T (eds). 1999 University
    of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland

    Stauffer RN, Chao EYS, Brewster RC Force and motion analysis of the
    normal, diseased and prosthetic ankle joint. Clin Orthop 127
    189-196, 1977

    Finni T, Komi PV, Lukkariniemi J. Achilles tendon loading during
    walking: application of a novel optic fiber technique European
    Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology.
    77(3):289-291, 1998

    Scott SH Winter DA Internal forces of chronic running injury sites.
    Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 22(3):357-369, 1990

    Komistek RD, Stiehl JB, Dennis DA, Paxson RD, Soutas-Little RW.
    Mathematical model of the lower extremity joint reaction forces using
    Kane's method of dynamics. J Biomechanics 31(2) 1998 185-189

    Kuster M, Wood GA, Sakurai S, Blatter G Stress on the femoropatellar
    joint in downhill walking-a biomechanical study. Zeitschrift fur
    Unfallchirurgie und Versicherungsmedizin 86(3):178-183, 1993.

    Taylor SJ, Walker PS, Perry JS, Cannon SR Woledge R. The forces in
    the distal femur and the knee during walking and other activities
    measured by telemetry. Journal of Arthroplasty 13(4):428-437, 1998

    Additional references
    ------------------------
    sport refs from Ewald Hennig:
    http://www.uni-essen.de/~qpd800/sports.html

    also Georg Bergmann's hip implant trasnducer-measured forces:
    http://www.medizin.fu-berlin.de/biomechanik/Reship1e.htm

    -------------------------------
    Rydell NW. Forces acting on the femoral head prostheses. Acta Orthop Scand
    1966;96-125, Munksgaard, Copenhagen

    Bergmann G, Graichen F, Rohlmann A Is staircase walking a risk for the
    fixation of hip implants? J Biomech 1995;28:535-553

    ------------------------

    Collins, J. The redundant nature of locomotor optimization laws. J
    Biomech. 28, 251-267, 1995.

    Glitsch, U. & Bauman, W. The three dimensional determination of internal
    loads in the lower extremity. J Biomech. 30,1123-1131, 1997.

    Hardt, D. Determining muscle forces in the leg during normal human
    walking - an application and evaluation of optimization methods. J Biomech
    Eng. 100, 72-78, 1978. 38.

    Pedotti, A., Krishnan, V. & Stark, L. Optimization of muscle force
    sequencing in human locomotion. Math Biosci. 38, 57-76, 1978.

    Seirig, A. & Arvikar, A. A methematical model for evaluation of forces in
    the lower extremities of the musculoskeletal system. J Biomech. 6, 313-326,
    1973.

    ---------------------
    Kaufman
    KR, An KN, Litchy WJ, Morrey BF, Chao EYS. Dynamic joint forces during knee
    isokinetic exercise. Am J Sports Med, 19(3):305-316, 1991".
    ----------------------

    Komi, Fukashiro & Järvinen (1992, Clinics in Sport Medicine, vol 11, 3, p.
    521-531) Biomechanical loading of Achilles tendon during normal locomotion.

    Komi (1990) Relevance of in vivo force measurements to human
    biomechanics. J Biomechanics 23, Suppl 1, pp. 23-34.

    Finni,
    Lepola, Komi, 1999. Tendomuscular loading in normal locomotion conditions.
    In Kyröläinen, Avela, Takala (ed.) Limiting Factors of Human Neuromuscular
    Performance, University of Jyväskylä, Finland)
    ---------------------------

    Burr, D. B., Milgrom, C., Fyhrie, D., Forwood, M., Nyska, M., Finestone,
    A., Hoshaw, S., Saiag, E., Simkin, A. 1996 In vivo measurement of human
    tibial strains during vigorous activity. BONE 18(5):405-416

    Lanyon, L. E., Hampson, W. G. J., Goodship, A. E., Shah, J. S., 1975, Bone
    deformation recorded in vivo from strain gauges attached to the human
    tibial shaft. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 46:256-268.


    --


    ************************************************** ******************
    Guy G. Simoneau, Ph.D., P.T., A.T.C.
    Associate Professor, Physical Therapy Department
    Marquette University
    Walter Schroeder Complex, Room 346
    P.O. Box 1881
    Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881

    e-mail: guy.simoneau@marquette.edu
    Phone: 414-288-3380
    Fax: 414-288-5987
    ************************************************** ******************

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