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  • Summary: Estimating movement onset times

    Thanks to those who responded to my posting. Below is the original posting
    and a summary of the replies.

    Cheers,
    Gunter

    ORIGINAL POSTING

    The onset of movement is often estimated from biomechanical data using one
    of the following techniques:
    a) the time at which a signal reaches a threshold (usually based in some way
    on the noise level in the pre-movement signal), or
    b) the time at which a signal last crosses through zero (or some other
    baseline value) before the movement is clearly in progress.
    We are attempting to quantify the bias introduced with these techniques for
    different transducers, movement rates, etc. and have the following questions
    for the group:
    1. Are there other techniques that we should also consider?
    2. Are there existing articles/references/sources that develop or evaluate
    techniques for estimating movement onset?
    Our search of the biomechanical literature, the biomch-l archives and the
    web has yielded no primary sources for these techniques, only many examples
    of their use. A review of a number of signal processing books has also
    yielded nothing.
    A summary of responses will be posted if there is sufficient interest.


    SUMMARY OF REPLIES

    From: "Charles Walter"


    You might have a look at the motor control literature. Determining
    movement initiation has long been important for reaction time studies, for
    example. Here are a few articles dealing with the general issue of
    quantifying movement onset:

    Teasdale N, Bard C, Fleury M, Young DE, Proteau L (1993). Determining
    movement onsets from temporal series. Journal of Motor Behavior, 25 (2):
    97-106.

    Corbetta D, Thelen E (1995). A method for identifying the initiation of
    reaching movements in natural prehension. Journal of Motor Behavior, 27
    (3): 285-293.

    Staude GH (2001). Precise onset detection of human motor responses using
    a whitening filter and the log-likelihood-ratio test. IEEE Transactions on
    biomedical engineering. 48 (11): 1292-1305.

    Best Regards
    Charles Walter, Ph.D.
    Professor and Director of Graduate Studies
    School of Kinesiology
    University of Illinois at Chicago
    Chicago, IL 60608-1516
    ph 312-355-1713
    fax 312-355-2305

    ----------------------------------------------------------
    From: "Ted Clancy"


    For EMG, Bonato et al. have an IEEE paper: A statistical method for the
    measurement of muscle activation intervals from surface myoelectric signal
    during gait. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998 Mar;45(3):287-99.

    Good luck,
    Ted Clancy

    ----------------------------------------------------------
    From: "Rachael Seidler"

    Here is a reference comparing different onset detection techniques:
    Teasdale, N., Bard, C., Fleury, M., Young, D., & Proteau, L. (1993).
    Determining movement onsets from temporal series.
    Journal of Motor Behavior, 25, 97-106.

    best regards,
    Rachael Seidler
    University of Michigan
    Department of Movement Science
    Neuroscience Graduate Program Faculty
    401 Washtenaw Ave.
    Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214
    Phone: 734-615-6224
    Lab Phone: 734-764-8186
    Fax: 734-936-1925
    Email: rseidler@umich.edu
    URL: http://www.kines.umich.edu/facstaff/seidler.htm

    ----------------------------------------------------------
    From: "Gaspar Morey"

    You could try the EMG Onset literature, there are several articles
    (anyway most don't define the methodology for onset determination). Here
    are two hints you might follow.

    This one presents a nice methodology that possibly would also fit your
    purposes. Further Bonato seemed to me to be quite predisposed to answer
    and discuss any questions.

    Bonato P, Roy SH, Knaflitz M, De Luca CJ. Time-frequency parameters of
    the surface myoelectric signal for assessing muscle fatigue during
    cyclic dynamic contractions. 2001 IEEE Transactions on Biomedical
    Engineering

    Hodges, P.W.; Bui, B.H. A comparison of computer-based methods for the
    determination of onset of muscle contraction using electromyography.
    1996 EEG & Clinical Neurophysiology

    Best wishes,
    Gaspar Morey Klapsing
    Department of Biomechanics
    German Sport University Cologne
    Carl-Diem-Weg, 6
    50933 Cologne
    Phone: +49 (0)221 4982-776
    Fax: +49 (0)221 4971598 Phone: +49 (0)221 4992842
    Email: morey@dshs-koeln.de Email: gaspar@loop.de
    Snail mail: Kirchweg 7
    D-50858 Cologne
    Mobile: +49 (0)1794226071

    ----------------------------------------------------------
    From: Garry T Allison

    Onset detection for EMG have similar issues, I summarised some of these
    issues and the robustness of certain techniques with increased baseline
    noise.
    Trunk muscle onset detection technique for EMG signals with ECG artefact.
    Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. (In press - proofs done in
    February... not sure when it will actually get to press)

    Cheers
    Garry

    ----------------------------------------------------------
    From: Jean Blouin

    You may be interested in the following paper:
    Teasdale et al. (1993) Determining movement onsets from temporal series.
    Journal of Motor Behavior 25: 97-102

    Cordially,
    Jean Blouin
    UMR Mouvement et Perception
    CNRS et Universite de la Mediterranee
    163, avenue de Luminy
    13288 Marseille

    ----------------------------------------------------------
    From: "K. Han Kim"

    We normally place a micro button switch in the "home position" for the
    right hand and asked the subject to place the right hand on top of the
    button until the onset of the movements. With the onset of the right
    hand toward the target, the push button switch is disengaged, and
    eventually engaged again when the right hand returns back to that "home
    position".

    It seems that the "cutting points" obtained from the switch activities
    work very well in general, even for the torso and arm movements
    which might involve some "preparatory" movements before the onset of
    the actual hand movements. The problem is, however, that the head
    gaze movements, which normally advance the hand movements, are not
    adequately captured with this method. We had to determine the onset
    of the head movements manually in most cases, accordingly.

    K. Han Kim
    Ph.D Candidate
    The Center for Ergonomics
    The University of Michigan

    ----------------------------------------------------------
    From: "Deric Wisleder"

    I was considering using one method described in:

    Teasdale N, Bard C, Fleury M, Young D, Proteau L (1993) Determining
    movement onsets from temporal series. J Motor Behav 25(2) p 97-106.
    to determine movement onset. It takes into account max velocity and
    SD of the static period leading up to a threshold. I believe the SD,
    however, was referenced to the threshold and not the mean. That does not
    seem appropriate, as they are not directly related (Hence, my question in
    the attached figure). In addition, the recursive routine repeats the
    process and selects the lesser of the start points, but this seems subject
    to random fluctuation of the baseline, and not necessarily indicative of
    the true start of motion.

    It seems that one could locate the points (.09*Vmax, .05*Vmax, or similar)
    sequentially backward from Vmax and select the start of motion from that
    set (usually the first point backward from Vmax). In addition, one might
    reference the SD and mean of the initial baseline period, though I have not
    yet worked out the method completely. Please let me know what you find. I
    will determine movement onset and offset before doing sub-movement analysis
    of target pointing data sets.

    Sincerely,
    Deric Wisleder, Ph.D.
    Research Associate
    Motor Control Laboratory
    PEBE 158
    Department of Kinesiology
    Arizona State University
    Tempe, AZ 85287
    Phone: 480 965 9081
    Department Fax: 480 965 8108

    ----------------------------------------------------------
    From: "Sian Jenkins"

    The source I've seen most often quoted for biomechanical techniques in gait
    initiation studies is:

    Polcyn AF, Lipsitz LA, Kerrigan C, Collins JJ. Age-related changes in the
    intiation of gait: Degredation of central mechanisms for momentum
    generation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79:1582-1589

    I don't know if that'll be of any help to you.
    Good Luck,
    Sian E. M. Jenkins
    Lady Youde Clinical Research Fellow in Applied Biomechanics
    Centre for Rehabilitation and Ageing, Division of Geriatric Medicine
    St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London
    tel: +44 (0)208 725 5319

    ----------------------------------------------------------
    From: "christian peham"

    We developed a method to determine the stance phase in horses via the
    speed distribution of the hoofmotion.
    It was published in the Journal of Biomechanics 32 (1999) 1119-1124
    Limb locomotion - speed distribution analysis as new method for stance
    phase detection. C Peham, M Scheidl, T Licka

    I hope this information is useful.

    A. Univ. Prof. Dr. Christian Peham
    Clinic of Orthopaedics in Ungulates
    University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
    Veterinaerplatz 1
    A-1210 Vienna
    Phone : ++43/1/250 77/5506
    Fax: ++43/1/250 77/5590
    Email: christian.peham@vu-wien.ac.at
    Homepage: http://www.vu-wien.ac.at/i111

    __________________________________________________ _____

    Gunter Siegmund, Ph.D., P.Eng.
    gunters@maceng.com

    Adjunct Professor
    School of Human Kinetics
    University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
    http://www.hkin.educ.ubc.ca

    Principal
    MacInnis Engineering Associates
    11-11151 Horseshoe Way, Richmond, BC, Canada, V7A 4S5
    http://www.maceng.com

    office: 604 277 3040
    fax: 604 277 3020
    tollfree: 800 565 3040
    __________________________________________________ _____

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