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I've begun an injury section on my Badmintology site: http://www.topracket.com/Badmintology/index.php?QuickLink=Injury01
So far my general impression of the research out there is that the default position should be to avoid interfering with the inflammation process for sports injuries. This means no I.C.E treatment or anti-inflammataries. I stress that this is a default position and I would override that advice on a case by case basis if the appropriate evidence came to light. For a more thourough discussion of the subject, please read my new section.
It does seem there is evidenence for functional recovery and surgeory. I want to outline procedures for this but currrently I do not have the appropriate full text of articles that cover these approaches.
I've found several links on the BMJ's Clinical Evidence site (www.clinicalevidence.com) and I've listed them below. If anyone one has a full text of these I would be very greatful if they could e-mail me a copy. Also, if anyone has additional research articles they would be great too.
Thanks, Joe
Joe Wright
badmintology@topracket.com
www.topracket.com/Badmintology
a.. Bernett P, Schirmann A. Acute sporting injuries of the ankle joint. Unfallheilkunde 1979;82:155-160. [In German] [PubMed]
b.. Lassiter TE, Malone TR, Garret WE. Injuries to the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Orthop Clin North Am 1989;20:629-640. [PubMed]
c.. Marti RK. Bagatelletsels van de voet. 56-61. 1982. Capita selecta, Reuma Wereldwijd.
d.. Van Dijk CN, Bossuyt PM, Marti RK. Medial ankle pain after lateral ligament rupture. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996;78:562-567. [PubMed]
e.. Watson-Jones R. Fractures and joint injuries. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1976.
f.. Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Handoll HHG, de Bie R, et al. Surgical versus conservative treatment for acute injuries of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle in adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Search date 2001; primary sources Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, Biosis, Current Contents, hand searches of reference lists of articles, and personal contact with organisations and researchers in the field.
g.. Katcherian DA. Treatment of Freiberg's disease. Orthop Clin North Am 1994;25:69-81. [PubMed]
h.. Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Rowe BH, Assendelft WJJ, et al. Immobilisation and functional treatment for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Search date 2001; primary sources Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, hand searches of reference lists of articles, and personal contact with organisations (Medical Departments of the Dutch Defence Forces and the Royal Dutch Football Association) and researchers in the field.
i.. Ardevol J, Bolibar I, Belda V, et al. Treatment of complete rupture of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: a randomized clinical trial comparing cast immobilization with functional treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2002;10:371-377. [PubMed]
j.. Verhagen AP, de Vet HC, de Bie RA, et al. The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51:1235-1241.
k.. Korkala O, Rusanen M, Jokipii P, et al. A prospective study of the treatment of severe tears of the lateral ligament of the ankle. Int Orthop 1987;11:13-17. [PubMed]
l.. Pijnenburg AC, Van Dijk CN, Bossuyt PM, et al. Treatment of ruptures of the lateral ankle ligaments: a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000;82:761-773. Search date 1998; primary sources Cochrane, Medline, Embase, hand searches of references from the published reviews, and personal contact with authors. [PubMed]
m.. Pellow JE, Brantingham JW. The efficacy of adjusting the ankle in the treatment of subacute and chronic grade I and grade II ankle inversion sprains. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001;24:17-24. [PubMed]
n.. Pijnenburg ACM, Bogaard K, Krips R, et al. Operative and functional treatment of rupture of the lateral ligament of the ankle. A randomised, prospective trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003;85:525-530. [PubMed]
o.. Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Struijs PAA, Marti RK, et al. Different functional treatment strategies for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. Search date 2001; primary sources Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, Biosis, Current Contents, hand searches of reference lists of articles, and personal contact with organisations (Medical Departments of the Dutch Defence Forces and the Royal Dutch Football Association) and researchers in the field.
p.. Wester JU, Jespersen SM, Nielsen KD, et al. Wobble board training after partial sprains of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: a prospective randomized study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996;23:332-336. [PubMed]
q.. Johannes EJ, Sukul DM, Spruit PJ, et al. Controlled trial of a semi-rigid bandage ("Scotchrap") in patients with ankle ligament lesions. Curr Med Res Opin 1993;13:154-162. [PubMed]
r.. Viljakka T, Rokkanen P. The treatment of ankle sprain by bandaging and antiphlogistic drugs. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1983;72:66-70. [PubMed]
s.. Zeegers AVCM. Supination injury of the ankle joint [thesis]. Utrecht: University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1995.
t.. Biegler M, Lang A, Ritter J. Comparative study on the effectiveness of early functional treatment using special shoes following surgery of ruptures of fibular ligaments. Unfallchirurg 1985;88:113-117. [In German] [PubMed]
u.. Sommer HM, Schreiber H. Early functional conservative therapy of fresh fibular capsular ligament rupture from the socioeconomic viewpoint. Sportverletz Sportschaden 1993;7:40-46. [In German] [PubMed]
v.. Zwipp H, Hoffmann R, Thermann H, et al. Rupture of the ankle ligaments. Int Orthop 1991;15:245-249. [PubMed]
w.. Evans GA, Hardcastle P, Frenyo AD. Acute rupture of the lateral ligament of the ankle. To suture or not to suture? J Bone Joint Surg Br 1984;66:209-212. [PubMed]
x.. Delfosse P, Lafontaine D, Hardy D, et al. Rupture of the ankle ligaments: to repair or not to repair? Preliminary results of a randomized study [abstract]. 6th Congress of the European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy 1994;S66.
y.. Povacz P, Salzburg F, Unger SF, et al. A randomized, prospective study of operative and non-operative treatment of injuries of the fibular collateral ligaments of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998;80:345-351. [PubMed]
z.. Prins JG. Diagnosis and treatment of injury to the lateral ligament of the ankle: a comparative clinical study. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1978;486:3-139. [PubMed]
aa.. Brostrom L. Sprained ankles V. Treatment and prognosis in recent ligament ruptures. Acta Chir Scand 1966;132:537-550. [PubMed]
ab.. Niedermann A, Andersen A, Bryde Andersen S, et al. Rupture of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: operation or plaster cast? Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:579-587. [PubMed]
ac.. Klein J, Schreckenberger C, Roddecker K, et al. Operative or conservative treatment of recent rupture of the fibular ligament in the ankle. A randomized clinical trial. Unfallchirurg 1988;91:154-160. [In German] [PubMed]
ad.. Van den Hoogenband CR, Van Moppes FI. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of inversion trauma of the ankle joint [thesis]. Maastricht: University of Maastricht, 1982.
ae.. Van der Windt DAWM, Van der Heijden GJMG, Van den Berg SGM, et al. Ultrasound therapy for acute ankle sprains (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. Search date 2001; primary sources Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Cochrane Rehabilitation and Related Therapies Field database, Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PEDro - the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, hand searches of reference lists of articles, and personal contact with colleagues.
af.. Nyanzi CS, Langridge J, Heyworth JR, et al. Randomized controlled study of ultrasound therapy in the management of acute lateral ligament sprains of the ankle joint. Clin Rehabil 1999;13:16-22. [PubMed]
ag.. Oakland C. A comparison of the efficacy of the topical NSAID felbinac and ultrasound in the treatment of acute ankle injuries. Br J Clin Res 1993;4:89-96.
ah.. Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Gilbart M. Treatment modalities for soft tissue injuries of the ankle: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med 1995;5:175-186. Search date 1994; primary sources Medline and Excerpta Medica. [PubMed]
ai.. Sloan JP, Hain R, Pownall R. Clinical benefits of early cold therapy in accident and emergency following ankle sprain. Arch Emerg Med 1989;6:1-6. [PubMed]
aj.. Laba E, Roestenburg M. Clinical evaluation of ice therapy for acute ankle sprain injuries. NZ J Physiother 1989;17:7-9.
ak.. Cote DJ, Prentice WEJ, Hooker DN, et al. Comparison of three treatment procedures for minimizing ankle sprain swelling. Physical Ther 1988;68:1072-1076.
al.. Pasila M, Visuri T, Sundholm A. Pulsating shortwave diathermy: value in treatment of recent ankle and foot sprains. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1978;59:383-386. [PubMed]
am.. Pennington GM, Danley DL, Sumko MH, et al. Pulsed, non-thermal, high-frequency electromagnetic energy (DIAPULSE) in the treatment of grade I and grade II ankle sprains. Mil Med 1993;158:101-104. [PubMed]
an.. Barker AT, Barlow PS, Porter J, et al. A double-blind clinical trial of low power pulsed shortwave therapy in the treatment of a soft tissue injury. Physiotherapy 1985;71:500-504.
ao.. McGill SN. The effects of pulsed shortwave therapy on lateral ligament sprain of the ankle. NZ J Physiother 1988;16:21-24.
ap.. Michlovitz S, Smith W, Watkins M. Ice and high voltage pulsed stimulation in treatment of acute lateral ankle sprains. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1988;9:301-304.
aq.. Cucherat M, Haugh MC, Gooch M, et al. Evidence of clinical efficacy of homeopathy: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:27-33. Search date 1998; primary sources Medline; Embase; Biosis; Psychinfo; Cinahl; British Library Stock Alert Service; Sigle; Amed; hand searches of homeopathy journals, conference abstracts, references provided by colleagues, and reference lists of selected papers; and personal contact with pharmaceutical companies. [PubMed]
ar.. Zell R, Connert WD, Mau J, et al. Treatment of acute sprains of the ankle joint. Double-blind study assessing the effectiveness of a homeopathic ointment preparation. Fortschr Med 1988;106:96-100. [In German] [PubMed]
So far my general impression of the research out there is that the default position should be to avoid interfering with the inflammation process for sports injuries. This means no I.C.E treatment or anti-inflammataries. I stress that this is a default position and I would override that advice on a case by case basis if the appropriate evidence came to light. For a more thourough discussion of the subject, please read my new section.
It does seem there is evidenence for functional recovery and surgeory. I want to outline procedures for this but currrently I do not have the appropriate full text of articles that cover these approaches.
I've found several links on the BMJ's Clinical Evidence site (www.clinicalevidence.com) and I've listed them below. If anyone one has a full text of these I would be very greatful if they could e-mail me a copy. Also, if anyone has additional research articles they would be great too.
Thanks, Joe
Joe Wright
badmintology@topracket.com
www.topracket.com/Badmintology
a.. Bernett P, Schirmann A. Acute sporting injuries of the ankle joint. Unfallheilkunde 1979;82:155-160. [In German] [PubMed]
b.. Lassiter TE, Malone TR, Garret WE. Injuries to the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Orthop Clin North Am 1989;20:629-640. [PubMed]
c.. Marti RK. Bagatelletsels van de voet. 56-61. 1982. Capita selecta, Reuma Wereldwijd.
d.. Van Dijk CN, Bossuyt PM, Marti RK. Medial ankle pain after lateral ligament rupture. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996;78:562-567. [PubMed]
e.. Watson-Jones R. Fractures and joint injuries. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1976.
f.. Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Handoll HHG, de Bie R, et al. Surgical versus conservative treatment for acute injuries of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle in adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Search date 2001; primary sources Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, Biosis, Current Contents, hand searches of reference lists of articles, and personal contact with organisations and researchers in the field.
g.. Katcherian DA. Treatment of Freiberg's disease. Orthop Clin North Am 1994;25:69-81. [PubMed]
h.. Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Rowe BH, Assendelft WJJ, et al. Immobilisation and functional treatment for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Search date 2001; primary sources Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, hand searches of reference lists of articles, and personal contact with organisations (Medical Departments of the Dutch Defence Forces and the Royal Dutch Football Association) and researchers in the field.
i.. Ardevol J, Bolibar I, Belda V, et al. Treatment of complete rupture of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: a randomized clinical trial comparing cast immobilization with functional treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2002;10:371-377. [PubMed]
j.. Verhagen AP, de Vet HC, de Bie RA, et al. The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51:1235-1241.
k.. Korkala O, Rusanen M, Jokipii P, et al. A prospective study of the treatment of severe tears of the lateral ligament of the ankle. Int Orthop 1987;11:13-17. [PubMed]
l.. Pijnenburg AC, Van Dijk CN, Bossuyt PM, et al. Treatment of ruptures of the lateral ankle ligaments: a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000;82:761-773. Search date 1998; primary sources Cochrane, Medline, Embase, hand searches of references from the published reviews, and personal contact with authors. [PubMed]
m.. Pellow JE, Brantingham JW. The efficacy of adjusting the ankle in the treatment of subacute and chronic grade I and grade II ankle inversion sprains. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001;24:17-24. [PubMed]
n.. Pijnenburg ACM, Bogaard K, Krips R, et al. Operative and functional treatment of rupture of the lateral ligament of the ankle. A randomised, prospective trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003;85:525-530. [PubMed]
o.. Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Struijs PAA, Marti RK, et al. Different functional treatment strategies for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. Search date 2001; primary sources Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, Biosis, Current Contents, hand searches of reference lists of articles, and personal contact with organisations (Medical Departments of the Dutch Defence Forces and the Royal Dutch Football Association) and researchers in the field.
p.. Wester JU, Jespersen SM, Nielsen KD, et al. Wobble board training after partial sprains of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: a prospective randomized study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996;23:332-336. [PubMed]
q.. Johannes EJ, Sukul DM, Spruit PJ, et al. Controlled trial of a semi-rigid bandage ("Scotchrap") in patients with ankle ligament lesions. Curr Med Res Opin 1993;13:154-162. [PubMed]
r.. Viljakka T, Rokkanen P. The treatment of ankle sprain by bandaging and antiphlogistic drugs. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1983;72:66-70. [PubMed]
s.. Zeegers AVCM. Supination injury of the ankle joint [thesis]. Utrecht: University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1995.
t.. Biegler M, Lang A, Ritter J. Comparative study on the effectiveness of early functional treatment using special shoes following surgery of ruptures of fibular ligaments. Unfallchirurg 1985;88:113-117. [In German] [PubMed]
u.. Sommer HM, Schreiber H. Early functional conservative therapy of fresh fibular capsular ligament rupture from the socioeconomic viewpoint. Sportverletz Sportschaden 1993;7:40-46. [In German] [PubMed]
v.. Zwipp H, Hoffmann R, Thermann H, et al. Rupture of the ankle ligaments. Int Orthop 1991;15:245-249. [PubMed]
w.. Evans GA, Hardcastle P, Frenyo AD. Acute rupture of the lateral ligament of the ankle. To suture or not to suture? J Bone Joint Surg Br 1984;66:209-212. [PubMed]
x.. Delfosse P, Lafontaine D, Hardy D, et al. Rupture of the ankle ligaments: to repair or not to repair? Preliminary results of a randomized study [abstract]. 6th Congress of the European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy 1994;S66.
y.. Povacz P, Salzburg F, Unger SF, et al. A randomized, prospective study of operative and non-operative treatment of injuries of the fibular collateral ligaments of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998;80:345-351. [PubMed]
z.. Prins JG. Diagnosis and treatment of injury to the lateral ligament of the ankle: a comparative clinical study. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1978;486:3-139. [PubMed]
aa.. Brostrom L. Sprained ankles V. Treatment and prognosis in recent ligament ruptures. Acta Chir Scand 1966;132:537-550. [PubMed]
ab.. Niedermann A, Andersen A, Bryde Andersen S, et al. Rupture of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: operation or plaster cast? Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:579-587. [PubMed]
ac.. Klein J, Schreckenberger C, Roddecker K, et al. Operative or conservative treatment of recent rupture of the fibular ligament in the ankle. A randomized clinical trial. Unfallchirurg 1988;91:154-160. [In German] [PubMed]
ad.. Van den Hoogenband CR, Van Moppes FI. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of inversion trauma of the ankle joint [thesis]. Maastricht: University of Maastricht, 1982.
ae.. Van der Windt DAWM, Van der Heijden GJMG, Van den Berg SGM, et al. Ultrasound therapy for acute ankle sprains (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. Search date 2001; primary sources Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Cochrane Rehabilitation and Related Therapies Field database, Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PEDro - the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, hand searches of reference lists of articles, and personal contact with colleagues.
af.. Nyanzi CS, Langridge J, Heyworth JR, et al. Randomized controlled study of ultrasound therapy in the management of acute lateral ligament sprains of the ankle joint. Clin Rehabil 1999;13:16-22. [PubMed]
ag.. Oakland C. A comparison of the efficacy of the topical NSAID felbinac and ultrasound in the treatment of acute ankle injuries. Br J Clin Res 1993;4:89-96.
ah.. Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Gilbart M. Treatment modalities for soft tissue injuries of the ankle: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med 1995;5:175-186. Search date 1994; primary sources Medline and Excerpta Medica. [PubMed]
ai.. Sloan JP, Hain R, Pownall R. Clinical benefits of early cold therapy in accident and emergency following ankle sprain. Arch Emerg Med 1989;6:1-6. [PubMed]
aj.. Laba E, Roestenburg M. Clinical evaluation of ice therapy for acute ankle sprain injuries. NZ J Physiother 1989;17:7-9.
ak.. Cote DJ, Prentice WEJ, Hooker DN, et al. Comparison of three treatment procedures for minimizing ankle sprain swelling. Physical Ther 1988;68:1072-1076.
al.. Pasila M, Visuri T, Sundholm A. Pulsating shortwave diathermy: value in treatment of recent ankle and foot sprains. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1978;59:383-386. [PubMed]
am.. Pennington GM, Danley DL, Sumko MH, et al. Pulsed, non-thermal, high-frequency electromagnetic energy (DIAPULSE) in the treatment of grade I and grade II ankle sprains. Mil Med 1993;158:101-104. [PubMed]
an.. Barker AT, Barlow PS, Porter J, et al. A double-blind clinical trial of low power pulsed shortwave therapy in the treatment of a soft tissue injury. Physiotherapy 1985;71:500-504.
ao.. McGill SN. The effects of pulsed shortwave therapy on lateral ligament sprain of the ankle. NZ J Physiother 1988;16:21-24.
ap.. Michlovitz S, Smith W, Watkins M. Ice and high voltage pulsed stimulation in treatment of acute lateral ankle sprains. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1988;9:301-304.
aq.. Cucherat M, Haugh MC, Gooch M, et al. Evidence of clinical efficacy of homeopathy: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:27-33. Search date 1998; primary sources Medline; Embase; Biosis; Psychinfo; Cinahl; British Library Stock Alert Service; Sigle; Amed; hand searches of homeopathy journals, conference abstracts, references provided by colleagues, and reference lists of selected papers; and personal contact with pharmaceutical companies. [PubMed]
ar.. Zell R, Connert WD, Mau J, et al. Treatment of acute sprains of the ankle joint. Double-blind study assessing the effectiveness of a homeopathic ointment preparation. Fortschr Med 1988;106:96-100. [In German] [PubMed]