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Just a quick reply to Ton's comments. The paper he is talking about is
"Olney SJ and Winter DA (1985) Predictions of knee and ankle moments
of force in walking from EMG and kinematic data Journal of
Biomechanics 18(1):9-20" (abstract below) but I actually wasn't really
thinking of that one in particular. There's also "White SC and Winter
(1992) Predicting muscle forces in gait from EMG signals and
musculotendon kinematics. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
2(4):217-231".
I haven't got Winter's book with me and these papers aren't on Science
Direct, but I think the original work he quotes was this one:
"Milner-Brown HS, Stein RB (1975)The relation between the surface
electromyogram and muscular force. J Physiol ; 246:549-569". Frank
Borg also mentions Soechting as having something to do with it.
But anyway, my point is that there is no time-shifting (such as Ton
suggests) involved - you just simply smooth the rectified EMG (i.e.
envelope it) with a bog-standard Butterworth zero-lag low-pass filter.
This is not just an academic question, because in analysing raw EMG
from patients it is assumed that the timing of electrical activity
indicates the timing of force production - I have never met any
clinician who takes into account the electromechanical delay, which is
surely present in the raw EMG. To my mind it's yet another reason why
raw EMG should not be used clinically.
Look forward to your further comments!
Chris
Abstract
A deterministic model was developed and validated to calculate
instantaneous ankle and knee moments during walking using processed
EMG from representative muscles, instantaneous joint angle as a
correlate of muscle length and angular velocity as a correlate of
muscle velocity, and having available total instantaneous joint
moments for derivation of certain model parameters. A linear
regression of the moment on specifically processed EMG, recorded while
each subject performed cycled isometric calibration contractions,
yielded the constants for a basic moment-EMG relationship. Using the
resultant moment for optimization, the predicted moment was
proportionally augmented for longer muscle lengths and reduced for
shorter lengths. Similarly, the predicted moment was reduced for
shortening velocities and increased if the muscle was lengthening. The
plots of moments predicted using the full model and those calculated
from link segment mechanics followed each other quite closely. The
range of root mean square errors were: 3.2–9.5 Nm for the ankle and
4.7–13.0 Nm for the knee.
--
Dr. Chris Kirtley MD PhD
Associate Professor
Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Catholic University of America
Washington DC 20064
Gait: http://www.univie.ac.at/cga
Radio: http://radiolistener.blogspot.com
"Olney SJ and Winter DA (1985) Predictions of knee and ankle moments
of force in walking from EMG and kinematic data Journal of
Biomechanics 18(1):9-20" (abstract below) but I actually wasn't really
thinking of that one in particular. There's also "White SC and Winter
(1992) Predicting muscle forces in gait from EMG signals and
musculotendon kinematics. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
2(4):217-231".
I haven't got Winter's book with me and these papers aren't on Science
Direct, but I think the original work he quotes was this one:
"Milner-Brown HS, Stein RB (1975)The relation between the surface
electromyogram and muscular force. J Physiol ; 246:549-569". Frank
Borg also mentions Soechting as having something to do with it.
But anyway, my point is that there is no time-shifting (such as Ton
suggests) involved - you just simply smooth the rectified EMG (i.e.
envelope it) with a bog-standard Butterworth zero-lag low-pass filter.
This is not just an academic question, because in analysing raw EMG
from patients it is assumed that the timing of electrical activity
indicates the timing of force production - I have never met any
clinician who takes into account the electromechanical delay, which is
surely present in the raw EMG. To my mind it's yet another reason why
raw EMG should not be used clinically.
Look forward to your further comments!
Chris
Abstract
A deterministic model was developed and validated to calculate
instantaneous ankle and knee moments during walking using processed
EMG from representative muscles, instantaneous joint angle as a
correlate of muscle length and angular velocity as a correlate of
muscle velocity, and having available total instantaneous joint
moments for derivation of certain model parameters. A linear
regression of the moment on specifically processed EMG, recorded while
each subject performed cycled isometric calibration contractions,
yielded the constants for a basic moment-EMG relationship. Using the
resultant moment for optimization, the predicted moment was
proportionally augmented for longer muscle lengths and reduced for
shorter lengths. Similarly, the predicted moment was reduced for
shortening velocities and increased if the muscle was lengthening. The
plots of moments predicted using the full model and those calculated
from link segment mechanics followed each other quite closely. The
range of root mean square errors were: 3.2–9.5 Nm for the ankle and
4.7–13.0 Nm for the knee.
--
Dr. Chris Kirtley MD PhD
Associate Professor
Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Catholic University of America
Washington DC 20064
Gait: http://www.univie.ac.at/cga
Radio: http://radiolistener.blogspot.com