Dear all,

Definition for pennation angle is usually given for planar models and
between linear actuators (typically a tendon and a muscle fiber). This
is a cheeky approximation (i.e., the anatomical reality is much more
complex).

Therefore:

- what about a definition when the model is dealing with 3D data?
Would it be still acceptable to use a linear approach to the problem?

- What would be the method to use when both actuators (muscle fiber
and tendon) are not linear anymore, but curvilinear? What is the
pennation angle in this case?

- Is there any consensus on this topic?

Thank you very much for any help on that topic.

Greetings from Belgium,

Serge

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Serge VAN SINT JAN, Ph.D., Prof.

Department of Anatomy (CP 619)
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Lennik Street 808
1070 Brussels - Belgium
Phone: +32-2-555-6325 (-6376)
Mobile Phone: +32-495-125593
Fax: +32-2-555-6378
Email: sintjans@ulb.ac.be
LAB website: http://homepages.ulb.ac.be/~anatemb
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