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  • Summary: Joint Angle Calculation and Error Reduction from FASTRAKData

    SUMMARY OF RESPONSES to my e-mail:
    JOINT ANGLE CALCULATION AND ERROR REDUCTION FROM FASTRAK DATA

    > Dear Biomechanists
    >=20
    > I work at the National Institute of Working Life in Ume=E5, Sweden. We are
    > using the FASTRAK (Polhemus Inc.) to collect orientation data from 1-4
    > receivers fixed at different positions of the human body. Primarily we are
    > studying arm and shoulder movements (receivers on Wrist, Upper arm and
    > Acromion). We want to calculate the angles of different joints, using the
    > standard recommended by the ISB Committee. The information, from the=
    FASTRAK
    > receivers, is over-determined (redundant) since we assume that the body
    > segments are connected through ball/hinge joints. You can compare this
    > redundance with the one you get when using multiple markers in a=
    video-based
    > positioning system. We want to use the redundant information for two=
    purposes:
    > 1. - Decide the length of the body segments
    > - Decide the relation beween receiver and body segment orientation,=20
    > (using sample series registrated during movement)
    > This approach may give better estimations than measuring these=
    entities
    > manually.
    > 2. Increase the precision of the calculated angles (in a least square
    > sense), utilizing the fact that the data error has different variance in
    > different angular and spatial directions.
    >=20
    > We would like to know if anyone has done something similar and if anyone
    > knows any references to previous work concerning this matter.
    >=20
    > We would be very greatful if we could get some responses. Naturally we=
    will
    > send a summary of replies to the Biomech-server.

    FIRST a clearification of my mail according to one of the responses:

    I assume that you know that the FASTRAK receiver gives both angle and
    position (totally 6 degree of freedom). If we assume that the receivers are
    fixed on the segment and that the segment geometry is known then it is
    sufficient with one receiver on the wrist and one on acromion to decide how
    the upper arm segment is positioned and oriented. This is true because we
    know that the elbow is a hinge joint. This means that the receiver fixed on
    the upper arm just adds some redundant information. Since some of the values
    are pretty bad due to soft tissue motion (especially the humerus rotation)
    we hope that the redundant information may be used to decrease these errors.
    Don't hesitate to ask us again if that wasn't totally clear.

    THANK YOU all for the responses (n=3D8):

    1. FROM Gideon Ariel =20
    Recommending: http://www.arielnet.com

    2. FROM "Jarrod Carter" (friend to
    Randy below)

    3. FROM "P. Ludewig" (asking a question,
    answered above)

    4. FROM Oyvind Stavdahl
    He is about to use the MotionStar system for studies of kinematics on
    artificial arms.

    5. FROM "Nick Barnett" =20
    Interested in a program that enables FASTRAK measuring in a Windows=
    environment.

    6. FROM "R. Ching"
    Regarding your inquiry about the Polhemus 3Space Fastrak system, we have
    been using this system in our lab for the past 3 years. We have been
    investigating the kinematics of both normal and pathologic joints
    including the spine, foot/ankle, knee, shoulder, etc. I have used the
    system to obtain the humeral orientation relative to the scapula
    (glenoid), but have not investigated the motions of the forearm or wrist
    further up the "chain". I believe that you should be able to accomplish
    your stated objectives based on your assumption of ball/hinge joints. I
    assume you are willing to accept reduced accuracy in your data due to this
    assumption and the likelihood that your "envelope" of motion will exceed
    the specified 30" operating range of the receivers. I wish you success on
    your project!

    7. FROM Agnes.Roby-Brami@snv.jussieu.fr (Agnes ROBY-BRAMI)
    We are involved in a similar approach with Polhemus Fastrack receivers
    with EV Biryukova and AA Frolov from Moscow.
    We calculate the angular configuration of the upperlimb by using the
    position and orientation informations of 4 receivers (on the hand, forearm,
    arm and acromion). Our work was presented by EV Biryukova (Acad Sci,
    Moscow) at the 4th international Symposium on 3D analysis of human movement
    in Grenoble (July 1996) "EV Biryukova, AA Frolov M Mokhtari and A.
    Roby-Brami Reconstruction of joint centers and axes of rotation from
    Spatial Tracking System recordings".
    In brief we use the recordings of analytical movements performed in every
    ddl to calculate the axis of rotation by reference to 2 receivers (upper
    and lower) for each joint. Then it is possible to calculate the joint
    angles of any movement. We shall test and adjust the algorithm by using a
    direct kinematic reconstruction of the hand movement and by comparing the
    calculated acceleration with a measure of 3D hand acceleration.
    This work is now in progress, Lena Biryukova will be in France next month
    to continue this work and perform some experiment in our lab. So, we shall
    probably obtain more informations to send to you.
    I am also very interested by your results and by all the answers that you
    will get.

    8. FROM Rebecca States
    I recently submitted a paper to Clinical Biomechanics which does
    not focus on, but does discuss the question of determining=20
    segment lengths from surface markers. If one goes through a
    process of adjusting the markers to insure that they are located
    over the joint centers, then segment length variability decreases
    considerably from initial estimates. I would guess that the
    resulting values are more reliable than manual measures of
    segment length, though I don't have data to back up that part. A
    summary of the article follows. If you would like the complete text,
    let me know, and I'll send it to you. I have also included the
    bibliography for that paper which lists a number of sources you
    may find useful in answering some of your other questions. =20
    Summary
    This study suggests a new approach to improving the
    within-session reliability with which joint centers are estimated
    from surface markers. Segment length standard deviations are
    used to evaluate reliability, since they can be assessed under
    ecologically valid conditions that allow for soft-tissue and
    out-of-plane motion. Significant improvements in reliability were
    achieved with either of two relatively simple methods for making
    post-hoc adjustments, even when adjustments were applied to a
    new data set. For the 3D optimization method introduced here,
    reliability improved for both segments flanking the adjusted joint
    center. In contrast, reliability only improved for one segment after
    applying Spiegelman & Woo#s 2D method. Results suggest how
    calibration trials conducted at the beginning of an experimental
    session can be used along with post-hoc adjustment to improve
    reliability, even when data collected during the experimental
    procedures are unsuitable for deriving adjustment parameters.=20
    Future research should verify the efficacy of this overall approach in
    other experimental settings, and develop procedures to improve
    between-session reliability.
    Relevance
    This study provides a practical means to assess
    the reliability with which joint centers have been located in
    experimental or clinical settings where the real-world problems of
    out-of-plane and soft-tissue motion can not be avoided. The
    approach suggested here demands less mathematical expertise
    than do the six degree of freedom rigid body methods, and hence
    may be useful for labs with limited technical support. =20

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    /Johan L=F6nn
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