PhD offer: HoBis: simulation of plausible bipedal locomotion of human and non-human primates
Context
Within the framework of a national collaborative project “HoBis” funded by the French ANR agency, the goal of this position is to design a new simulation framework aiming at simulating plausible bipedal locomotion given an anatomical model. The project gathered experts in paleoanthropology, anatomy, biomechanics, computer science and robotics. This part of the HoBis project aims at increasing fundamental knowledge about bipedal locomotion of disappeared species (Afarensis, Neanderthal...) in an evolutionary perspective. To achieve such challenge, anatomists and paleoanthropologists from the Museum National d’Histoires Naturelles (CNRS) together with a CNRS primatology platform will gather a unique collection of anatomical and motion data for various species, such as humans and non-human (olive baboons, bonobos…) primates. Thus, this PhD project aims at simulating bipedal locomotion of living species (primates and humans) first, and then to adapt the simulation to disappeared species. MimeTIC Inria team (computer sciences, biomechanics and sports sciences) and CNRS-LAAS (robotics and biomechanics) will supervise the PhD to address the problem of simulating plausible locomotion for such anatomical models. The co-supervised PhD position will work on this specific task, in collaboration with the two teams involved in the HoBis Project.
Teams
MimeTIC inria team (team.inria.fr/mimetic/) is associated with M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport, Health) of the University of Rennes 2 is part of the top 200 in the Shanghai ranking of the best universities in the field of sports sciences. MimeTIC promotes a multidisciplinary approach based on computer simulation and motion analysis, in order to better analyze and simulate human motion. MimeTIC can rely on an exceptional ImmerMove platform that includes a virtual reality room (12x4x4 m) and a sports hall (30x20x10 m) dedicated exclusively to the analysis of human movement. This platform includes various human motion capture systems, external force evaluation and electromyographic systems. MimeTIC has a long experience in human motion simulation using various approaches developed in the computer animation domain. MimeTIC also develops an expertise in musculoskeletal analysis and simulation using nonlinear optimization.
CNRS/LAAS (www.laas.fr). The Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems, LAAS, of Toulouse, has a long experience in human movement analysis, humanoid robot motion planning and control. In 2000, it gave rise to the start-up Kineo CAM devoted to motion generation for virtual prototyping. Gepetto team research aims to model, understand and generate anthropomorphic movements for humanoid robots, virtual mannequins and human beings. This implies a research at the crossing of robotics, automatics and control, biomechanics and neurosciences, integrated toward the production of algorithms for motion and action modelling. The team is recognized as a world leader of anthropomorphic motion generation and humanoid robotics. LAAS has developed HPP and Pinocchio, software development tools dedicated to motion planning and control for complex redundant robots. Many original results have been experimentally validated on the several platforms of the laboratory (humanoid robot HRP-2, Romeo and Pyrene). LAAS-Gepetto was engaged in several FP7 and H2020 european projects
The PhD will mainly take place in MimeTIC in Rennes, in Inria building. The recruited PhD will have a laptop and an office in Inria, with all the facilities proposed by this institute. A long stay (one year) in CNRS/LAAS in Toulouse is expected during the three years of the PhD to practice optimal control and DDP (differential dynamic Programming) . The recruited PhD will participate in the meetings and joint works of the national HoBis project. A budget is dedicated to travels and publication fees to encourage scientific publications all along the PhD.
Description of the expecting work
The recruited person will have to propose a new framework to simulate plausible locomotion based on anatomical descriptions. Previous works in computer animation [Multon1999] proposed to address this problem as a motion retargeting problem [Gleicher1998, Kulpa2005]: adapting the trajectories of a character to another one with different morphologies. This approach is mainly based on solving kinematic constraints to ensure non-sliding foot contact with the ground, or ensure static balance. However, it does not enable to simulate totally new motion that correspond to a given anatomical description. To tackle this problem, other works proposed to model gait kinematics as a parametric mathematical function, and use non-linear optimization to calculate plausible locomotion for simplified anatomical models [Nicolas 2008, Nicolas2009]. However all these approaches based on computing kinematic trajectories fail to ensure the physical realism of the resulting motion.
An alternative consists in modeling bipedal gait as a sequence of states (single, double stances…) and to design controller to drive a physical model based on the anatomical description, plus masses and inertias [Yin2007]. Although the result is physically valid, the decomposition into states strongly influence the result, which is a too strong constraint for simulating very new gait patterns. At LAAS-CNRS [Maldonado 2018, Saab 2011], two ways are actually used to simulate a given motion. In a first way named hierarchical control, the motion is generated by prioritizing some tasks (i.e: foot position first and center of mass trajectory in second for example). In another way [Costes 2018, Turpin 2017], optimal control leads to determine whole body motion by minimizing a given cost functions (i.e: energy expenditure, joint torque, …). In this project we will define which way could be used with the maximal efficiency to simulate plausible gait.
References
KK Yin, K Loken, M Van de Panne (2007) Simbicon: Simple biped locomotion control. ACM Transactions on Graphics, Volume 26 Issue 3, Article No. 105.
M. Gleicher (1998) Retargetting motion to new characters. Proceedings of ACM Siggraph 1998, 33-42.
F Multon, L France, MP Cani‐Gascuel, G Debunne (1999) Computer animation of human walking: a survey. The journal of visualization and computer animation 10 (1), 39-54
R Kulpa, F Multon, B Arnaldi (2005) Morphology‐independent representation of motions for interactive human‐like animation. Computer Graphics Forum 24 (3), 343-351
G Nicolas, F Multon, G Berillon, F Marchal (2007) From bone to plausible bipedal locomotion using inverse kinematics. Journal of biomechanics 40 (5), 1048-1057
G Nicolas, F Multon, G Berillon (2009) From bone to plausible bipedal locomotion. Part II: Complete motion synthesis for bipedal primates. Journal of biomechanics 42 (8), 1127-1133
Saab L., Mansard N., Keith F., Fourquet J-Y, et Soueres P. 2011. « Generation of dynamic motion
for anthropomorphic systems under prioritized equality and inequality constraints ». Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, mai, 1091‑1096.
COSTES A., TURPIN N., VILLEGER D., MORETTO P., WATIER B. (2018) Spontaneous change from seated to standing cycling position with increasing power is associated with a minimization of cost functions. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 36(18), pp907-913. Doi : 10.1080/02640414.2017.1346272
TURPIN N., COSTES A., MORETTO P., WATIER B. (2017) Can muscle coordination explain the advantage of using the standing position during intense cycling? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Vol 20, pp 611-616. Doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.019
MALDONADO G, SOUERES P., WATIER B. (2019) From biomechanics to robotics. STAR book in Biomechanics of Anthropomorphic Systems, Springer. 10.1007/978-3-319-93870-7_3
MALDONADO G, BAILLY F., SOUERES P., WATIER B. (2018) An extension of the Uncontrolled Manifold theory to dynamic movements: application to take-off and landing motions in parkour. Scientific Report, Vol 20, Article number 12219. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30681-6
Skills
Degree: Master degree or engineer school in computer simulation, computer sciences, robotics, or biomechanics
Technical skills and level required:
• Computer sciences, and especially computer simulation would be an advantage (Matlab, C++, Python)
• Applied mathematics, especially nonlinear optimization
• Skills in (bio)mechanics and physics would be a plus
Languages : English with good practice would be an advantage
Relational skills: work in a group of scientist, dynamic, curious, interested in both simulation, robotics, human motion, software development and experimental set-ups.
Contacts:
Franck Multon, MimeTIC, fmulton@irisa.fr
Bruno Watier, CNRS-LAAS, bruno.watier@laas.fr
Context
Within the framework of a national collaborative project “HoBis” funded by the French ANR agency, the goal of this position is to design a new simulation framework aiming at simulating plausible bipedal locomotion given an anatomical model. The project gathered experts in paleoanthropology, anatomy, biomechanics, computer science and robotics. This part of the HoBis project aims at increasing fundamental knowledge about bipedal locomotion of disappeared species (Afarensis, Neanderthal...) in an evolutionary perspective. To achieve such challenge, anatomists and paleoanthropologists from the Museum National d’Histoires Naturelles (CNRS) together with a CNRS primatology platform will gather a unique collection of anatomical and motion data for various species, such as humans and non-human (olive baboons, bonobos…) primates. Thus, this PhD project aims at simulating bipedal locomotion of living species (primates and humans) first, and then to adapt the simulation to disappeared species. MimeTIC Inria team (computer sciences, biomechanics and sports sciences) and CNRS-LAAS (robotics and biomechanics) will supervise the PhD to address the problem of simulating plausible locomotion for such anatomical models. The co-supervised PhD position will work on this specific task, in collaboration with the two teams involved in the HoBis Project.
Teams
MimeTIC inria team (team.inria.fr/mimetic/) is associated with M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport, Health) of the University of Rennes 2 is part of the top 200 in the Shanghai ranking of the best universities in the field of sports sciences. MimeTIC promotes a multidisciplinary approach based on computer simulation and motion analysis, in order to better analyze and simulate human motion. MimeTIC can rely on an exceptional ImmerMove platform that includes a virtual reality room (12x4x4 m) and a sports hall (30x20x10 m) dedicated exclusively to the analysis of human movement. This platform includes various human motion capture systems, external force evaluation and electromyographic systems. MimeTIC has a long experience in human motion simulation using various approaches developed in the computer animation domain. MimeTIC also develops an expertise in musculoskeletal analysis and simulation using nonlinear optimization.
CNRS/LAAS (www.laas.fr). The Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems, LAAS, of Toulouse, has a long experience in human movement analysis, humanoid robot motion planning and control. In 2000, it gave rise to the start-up Kineo CAM devoted to motion generation for virtual prototyping. Gepetto team research aims to model, understand and generate anthropomorphic movements for humanoid robots, virtual mannequins and human beings. This implies a research at the crossing of robotics, automatics and control, biomechanics and neurosciences, integrated toward the production of algorithms for motion and action modelling. The team is recognized as a world leader of anthropomorphic motion generation and humanoid robotics. LAAS has developed HPP and Pinocchio, software development tools dedicated to motion planning and control for complex redundant robots. Many original results have been experimentally validated on the several platforms of the laboratory (humanoid robot HRP-2, Romeo and Pyrene). LAAS-Gepetto was engaged in several FP7 and H2020 european projects
The PhD will mainly take place in MimeTIC in Rennes, in Inria building. The recruited PhD will have a laptop and an office in Inria, with all the facilities proposed by this institute. A long stay (one year) in CNRS/LAAS in Toulouse is expected during the three years of the PhD to practice optimal control and DDP (differential dynamic Programming) . The recruited PhD will participate in the meetings and joint works of the national HoBis project. A budget is dedicated to travels and publication fees to encourage scientific publications all along the PhD.
Description of the expecting work
The recruited person will have to propose a new framework to simulate plausible locomotion based on anatomical descriptions. Previous works in computer animation [Multon1999] proposed to address this problem as a motion retargeting problem [Gleicher1998, Kulpa2005]: adapting the trajectories of a character to another one with different morphologies. This approach is mainly based on solving kinematic constraints to ensure non-sliding foot contact with the ground, or ensure static balance. However, it does not enable to simulate totally new motion that correspond to a given anatomical description. To tackle this problem, other works proposed to model gait kinematics as a parametric mathematical function, and use non-linear optimization to calculate plausible locomotion for simplified anatomical models [Nicolas 2008, Nicolas2009]. However all these approaches based on computing kinematic trajectories fail to ensure the physical realism of the resulting motion.
An alternative consists in modeling bipedal gait as a sequence of states (single, double stances…) and to design controller to drive a physical model based on the anatomical description, plus masses and inertias [Yin2007]. Although the result is physically valid, the decomposition into states strongly influence the result, which is a too strong constraint for simulating very new gait patterns. At LAAS-CNRS [Maldonado 2018, Saab 2011], two ways are actually used to simulate a given motion. In a first way named hierarchical control, the motion is generated by prioritizing some tasks (i.e: foot position first and center of mass trajectory in second for example). In another way [Costes 2018, Turpin 2017], optimal control leads to determine whole body motion by minimizing a given cost functions (i.e: energy expenditure, joint torque, …). In this project we will define which way could be used with the maximal efficiency to simulate plausible gait.
References
KK Yin, K Loken, M Van de Panne (2007) Simbicon: Simple biped locomotion control. ACM Transactions on Graphics, Volume 26 Issue 3, Article No. 105.
M. Gleicher (1998) Retargetting motion to new characters. Proceedings of ACM Siggraph 1998, 33-42.
F Multon, L France, MP Cani‐Gascuel, G Debunne (1999) Computer animation of human walking: a survey. The journal of visualization and computer animation 10 (1), 39-54
R Kulpa, F Multon, B Arnaldi (2005) Morphology‐independent representation of motions for interactive human‐like animation. Computer Graphics Forum 24 (3), 343-351
G Nicolas, F Multon, G Berillon, F Marchal (2007) From bone to plausible bipedal locomotion using inverse kinematics. Journal of biomechanics 40 (5), 1048-1057
G Nicolas, F Multon, G Berillon (2009) From bone to plausible bipedal locomotion. Part II: Complete motion synthesis for bipedal primates. Journal of biomechanics 42 (8), 1127-1133
Saab L., Mansard N., Keith F., Fourquet J-Y, et Soueres P. 2011. « Generation of dynamic motion
for anthropomorphic systems under prioritized equality and inequality constraints ». Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, mai, 1091‑1096.
COSTES A., TURPIN N., VILLEGER D., MORETTO P., WATIER B. (2018) Spontaneous change from seated to standing cycling position with increasing power is associated with a minimization of cost functions. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 36(18), pp907-913. Doi : 10.1080/02640414.2017.1346272
TURPIN N., COSTES A., MORETTO P., WATIER B. (2017) Can muscle coordination explain the advantage of using the standing position during intense cycling? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Vol 20, pp 611-616. Doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.019
MALDONADO G, SOUERES P., WATIER B. (2019) From biomechanics to robotics. STAR book in Biomechanics of Anthropomorphic Systems, Springer. 10.1007/978-3-319-93870-7_3
MALDONADO G, BAILLY F., SOUERES P., WATIER B. (2018) An extension of the Uncontrolled Manifold theory to dynamic movements: application to take-off and landing motions in parkour. Scientific Report, Vol 20, Article number 12219. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30681-6
Skills
Degree: Master degree or engineer school in computer simulation, computer sciences, robotics, or biomechanics
Technical skills and level required:
• Computer sciences, and especially computer simulation would be an advantage (Matlab, C++, Python)
• Applied mathematics, especially nonlinear optimization
• Skills in (bio)mechanics and physics would be a plus
Languages : English with good practice would be an advantage
Relational skills: work in a group of scientist, dynamic, curious, interested in both simulation, robotics, human motion, software development and experimental set-ups.
Contacts:
Franck Multon, MimeTIC, fmulton@irisa.fr
Bruno Watier, CNRS-LAAS, bruno.watier@laas.fr